ISO 45001职业健康安全管理体系

ISO 450012018职业健康安全管理体系标准是继ISO9000质量管理体系标准和ISO14000环境管理体系标准后国际社会关注的又一管理体系标准，其目的是运用现代管理科学理论制定管理标准来规范企业的职业健康安全管理行为，促进企业建立预防机制，控制事故的发生率，降低事故的危害性，保障人员的健康与安全。目前美国、英国、澳大利亚、日本等国家正在实施，我国也颁布了GB/T28001-2001标准，准备推行。

我国历来对职业健康安全管理十分重视，制定了一系列相关的法律法规和标准，在实践中也取得了明显的成效，但仍然存在严重的问题和隐患，特别是近年来我国发生的一些重大事故，使我们深深感到，实施ISO450012018职业健康安全管理体系标准已迫在眉睫。标准的实施能帮助我们充分辩识各种危险源，正确评价其风险并采取相应的控制措施以降低风险及相关费用，既保障了生命财产，又降低了生产成本，其实际的及潜在的经济效益和社会效益均是不容忽视的。而以牺牲人员的健康安全换取低成本参与竞争则被视为不道德和不负责任的，越来越难以在市场上立足，何况这种低成本只是暂时的，一旦发生事故，其物质上（赔偿、受罚）和精神上（公愤、内疚）的损失将呈几何增长。尽早建立、实施OHSAS18000职业健康安全管理体系并取得认证，不失为明智之举。

一、产生背景和发展趋势

职业健康安全管理体系是80年代后期在国际上兴起的现代安全生产管理模式，它与ISO9000和ISO14000等一样被称为后工业化时代的管理方法，其产生的一个主要原因是企业自身发展的要求。随着企业的发展壮大，企业必须采取更为现代化的管理模式，将包括质量管理、职业健康安全管理等管理在内的所有生产经营活动科学化、标准化和法律化。国际上的一些的大企业在大力加强质量管理工作的已经建立了自律性的和比较完善的职业健康安全管理体系，较好地提升了自身的社会形象和大大地控制和减少了职业伤害给企业所带来的损失。职业健康安全管理体系产生的另一个重要原因是国际一体化进程的加速进行而引起的，由于与生产过程密切相关的职业健康安全问题正日益受到国际社会的关注和重视，与此相关的立法更加严格，相关的经济政策和措施也不断出台和完善。在80年代，一些发达国家率先研究和实施职业健康安全管理体系活动，其中，英国在1996年颁布了BS8800《职业安全卫生管理体系指南》，此后，美国、澳大利亚、日本、挪威的一些组织也制定了相关的指导性文件，1999年英国标准协会、挪威船级社等13个组织提出了职业健康安全评价系列（OHSAS）标准，即OHSAS18001《职业健康安全管理体系——规范》、OHSAS18002《职业健康安全管理体系——OHSAS18001实施指南》，组织（ISO）决定暂不颁布这类标准，但许多国家和国际组织继续进行相关的研究和实践，并使之成为继ISO9000、ISO14000之后又一个国际关注的标准。2007年，OHSAS 18001得到修订，是其与ISO 9001和ISO14001标准的语言和架构得到融合。直到2013年，化组织(ISO)开始编制一项新的标准——ISO45001《职业健康安全管理体系 要求及使用指南》，用于取代OHSAS 18001标准。

目前，我国的职业健康安全现状不容乐观，例如，我国在接触职业病危害人数、职业病患者累计数量、死亡数量和新发病人数，均达世界首位。我国经济高速增长，职业健康安全工作远远滞后，特别是加入WTO后，这种状况不很好解决，作为技术壁垒的存在，必将影响到我国的竞争力，甚至可能影响我国的经济管理体系运行，我国政府正大力加强这方面的工作，力求通过工作环境的改善，员工安全与健康意识的提高，风险的降低，及其持续改进、不断完善的特点，给组织的相关方带来极大的信心和信任，也使那些经常以此为籍口而形成的贸易壁垒不攻自破，为我国企业的产品进入国际市场提供有力的后盾，从而也充分利用加入WTO的历史机遇，提升我国的整体竞争实力。

二、职业健康安全管理体系概况

特点 l 建立管理体系来进行绩效控制

采用PDCA循环

预防为主、持续改进和动态管理

遵守法规的要求贯穿体系始终

适用于所有行业

自愿原则

2.《职业健康安全管理体系规范》组成我国《职业健康安全管理体系规范》与OHSMS18000的内容和结构基本相同，主要由三大部分组成：

范围：规定使用于该指导性技术文件的组织愿望和界限（限制）

术语：17个术语和定义

OHSMS要素部分：五大功能块，每一功能块又由若干要素组成，共17个要素。其中，职业健康安全管理体系标准组成包括：

1 范围2 规范性引用文件3 术语和定义4 组织环境 4.1 理解组织及其环境 4.2 理解工作人员和其他相关方的需求和期望 4.3 确定职业健康安全管理体系的范围 4.4 职业健康安全管理体系5 领导作用和工作人员参与 5. 1 领导作用和承诺 5. 2 职业健康安全方针 5.3 组织的岗位、职责和权限 5.4 工作人员协商与参与6 策划6.1应对风险和机遇的措施6.2职业健康安全目标及其实现的策划7支持 7.1 资源 7.2 能力 7.3 意识 7.4 沟通 7.5 文件化信息8 运行 8.1 运行的策划和控制 8.2 应季准备和响应9 绩效评价 9.1 监视、测量、分析和绩效评价 9.2 内部审核 9.3 管理评审10 改进 10.1 总则 10.2 事件、不合格和纠正措施 10.3 持续改进

三、实施职业健康安全管理体系的作用

为企业提供科学有效的职业健康安全管理体系规范和指南；

安全技术系统可靠性和人的可靠性不足以完全杜绝事故，组织管理因素是复杂系统事故发生与否的Zui深层原因，系统化，预防为主，全员、全过程、全方位安全管理；

推动职业健康安全法规和制度的贯彻执行；

使组织职业健康安全管理转变为主动自愿性行为，提高职业健康安全管理水平，形成自我监督、自我发现和自我完善的机制；

促进与接轨，消除贸易壁垒和加入WTO后的绿色壁垒；

有助于提高全民安全意识；

改善作业条件，提高劳动者身心健康和安全卫生技能，大幅减少成本投入和提高工作效率，产生直接和间接的经济效益；

改进人力资源的质量。根据人力资本理论，人的工作效率与工作环境的安全卫生状况密不可分，其良好状况能大大提高生产率，增强企业凝聚力和发展动力；

在社会树立良好的品质、信誉和形象。因为的现代企业除具备经济实力和技术能力外，还应保持强烈的社会关注力和责任感、的环境保护业绩和保证职工安全与健康；

把OHSMS和ISO9000、IS01400O建立在一起将成为现代企业的标志和时尚。

四、如何建立体系

明确基本要求 主要包括建立该体系的组织要有合法的法律地位和遵守国家有关的法律法规。

进行人员技术培训对有关人员进行技术培训时，要有针对必，对管理层的培训着重是职业健康安全管理方针、高层意识；对特殊层培训的要求是了解岗位基本职业健康安全处理技术；对员工层培训的要求是具有一定基础职业健康安全意识。

进行初始评审 包括对组织现有管理制度、各种职业健康安全影响确定和遵守有关法律法规的情况等进行评审。

方针 制定职业健康安全管理体系方针，指出职业健康安全管理体系的建立和保持总的目标和承诺。

策划策划主要包括危险源识别、风险评估和风险控制策划，法律法规和其他要求，目标、管理方案。进行策划时，要求具有组织管理特色和反映企业文化。

实施和运行 根据策划结果实施风险控制的活动，实施职业健康安全管理方案并保留各种运行证据

检查和纠正措施 包括检查日常运行情况、实施内审和管理评审和纠正预防不合格行为。

ISO 45001 Occupational health and safety management system

The ISO 450012018 Occupational Health and Safety Management System Standard is another management system standard that has gained international attention following the ISO9000 Quality Management System Standard and the ISO14000 Environmental Management System Standard. Its aim is to establish management standards using modern management science theories to regulate occupational health and safety management practices within enterprises, promoting the establishment of preventive mechanisms, controlling the incidence of accidents, reducing the hazards of accidents, and ensuring the health and safety of personnel. Currently, countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan are implementing this standard, and China has also issued the GB/T28001-2001 standard and is preparing for its implementation.

Our country has always attached great importance to occupational health and safety management, formulating a series of relevant laws, regulations, and standards, which have achieved significant results in practice. However, serious problems and hidden dangers still exist, especially some major accidents that have occurred in recent years, which have made us deeply feel that the implementation of the ISO450012018 Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OSMS) standards is urgently needed. The implementation of these standards can help us fully identify various hazards, correctly assess their risks, and take corresponding control measures to reduce risks and related costs, ensuring the protection of life and property while reducing production costs. The actual and potential economic and social benefits are significant and cannot be ignored. Exchanging personnel health and safety for low-cost competition is considered unethical and irresponsible, making it increasingly difficult to maintain a foothold in the market, especially since this low cost is only temporary. Once an accident occurs, the material (compensation, penalties) and psychological (public outrage, guilt) losses will increase exponentially. Establishing and implementing the OHSAS18000 Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OSMS) as soon as possible and obtaining certification is undoubtedly a wise move.

I. Background and development trend

The Occupational Health and Safety Management System is a modern safety production management model that emerged internationally in the late 1980s. It is referred to as a management method of the post-industrial era alongside ISO9000 and ISO14000, primarily due to the needs of corporate development. As companies grow stronger, they must adopt more modern management models, scientifically, standardly, and legally integrating all production and business activities, including quality management and occupational health and safety management. Some large international corporations that have significantly strengthened their quality management efforts have established self-regulatory and relatively comprehensive occupational health and safety management systems, effectively enhancing their social image and significantly reducing occupational injuries and losses to the company. Another significant reason for the emergence of occupational health and safety management systems is the accelerated international integration process, where occupational health and safety issues closely related to production processes are increasingly attracting international attention and emphasis. Consequently, related legislation has become stricter, and economic policies and measures have been continuously introduced and improved. In the 1980s, some developed countries took the lead in researching and implementing occupational health and safety management systems, with the UK issuing the BS8800 "Guidelines for Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems" in 1996Afterwards, organizations in the United States, Australia, Japan, and Norway also formulated relevant guiding documents. In 1999,13 organizations including the British Standards Institute and the Norwegian Classification Society proposed the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment (OHSAS) series of standards, namely OHSAS18001s "—— Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems" and OHSAS18002s "Guidelines for the Application of ——OHSAS18001 in Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems." The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) decided not to issue such standards temporarily, but many countries and international organizations continued to conduct relevant research and practices, making it another internationally recognized standard following ISO9000, ISO14000. In 2007, the OHSAS18001 was revised, integrating its language and structure with those of the ISO 9001 and ISO14001 standards. Until 2013, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) began to develop a new standard, ——ISO45001 "Guidelines for the Requirements and Use of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems," to replace the OHSAS18001 standard

Currently, the occupational health and safety situation in our country is far from optimistic, for instance, the number of people exposed to occupational hazards, the cumulative number of patients with occupational diseases, the number of deaths, and the number of new cases all rank first in the world. Despite our countrys rapid economic growth, occupational health and safety work has lagged far behind, especially after joining the WTO, this situation is difficult to resolve. As a technical barrier, it will inevitably affect our countrys competitiveness and may even impact the operation of our economic management system. The Chinese government is vigorously strengthening efforts in this area, aiming to improve the working environment, enhance employees awareness of safety and health, reduce risks, and continuously improve and perfect these characteristics to bring great confidence and trust to all stakeholders in the organization, thereby breaking down trade barriers that often use this as an excuse, providing strong support for our enterprises products entering the international market, thus fully leveraging the historical opportunity of joining the WTO to enhance our overall competitive strength.

2. Overview of occupational health and safety management system

Feature l Establish a management system to carry out performance control

Use PDCA cycle

Prevention first, continuous improvement and dynamic management

Compliance with regulatory requirements is throughout the system

Suitable for all industries

the principle of voluntariness

2. The Standard of Occupational Health and Safety Management System is basically the same as that of OHSMS18000 in terms of content and structure, mainly consisting of three parts:

Scope: defines the organizational aspirations and boundaries (limits) for which this guidance document is intended

Terms: 17 terms and definitions

OHSMS elements: five functional blocks, each of which is composed of several elements, a total of 17 elements. Among them, the occupational health and safety management system standard includes:

1 Scope 2 Normative References 3 Terms and Definitions 4 Organizational Environment 4.1 Understanding the Organization and Its Environment 4.2 Understanding the Needs and Expectations of Staff and Other Stakeholders 4.3 Determining the Scope of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System 4.4 Occupational Health and Safety Management System 5 Leadership and Staff Engagement 5.1 Leadership and Commitment 5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Policy 5.3 Organizations Roles Responsibilities and Authorities 5.4 Staff Consultation and Participation 6 Planning 6.1 Measures to Respond to Risks and Opportunities 6.2 Occupational Health and Safety Objectives and Their Implementation Planning 7 Support 7.1 Resources 7.2 Capabilities 7.3 Awareness 7.4 Communication 7.5 Documentation of Information 8 Operation 8.1 Planning and Control of Operation 8.2 Seasonal Preparation and Response 9 Performance Evaluation 9.1 Monitoring Measurement Analysis and Performance Evaluation 9.2 Internal Audit 9.3 Management Review 10 Improvement 10.1 General Provisions 10.2 Events Nonconformities and Corrective Actions 10.3 Continuous Improvement

The role of implementing occupational health and safety management system

Provide scientific and effective occupational health and safety management system standards and guidelines for enterprises;

The reliability of safety technology system and human reliability are not enough to completely eliminate accidents. Organizational management factors are the deepest cause of complex system accidents, systematic, prevention first, all staff, whole process, all-round safety management;

To promote the implementation of occupational health and safety laws and regulations;

Make occupational health and safety management of the organization a voluntary behavior, improve the level of occupational health and safety management, and form a mechanism of self-supervision, self-discovery and self-improvement;

Promote integration and elimination of trade barriers and green barriers after joining WTO;

Help to raise the safety awareness of the whole people;

Improve working conditions, improve workers physical and mental health and safety and hygiene skills, significantly reduce cost input and improve work efficiency, and generate direct and indirect economic benefits;

Improve the quality of human resources. According to the theory of human capital, the work efficiency of people is closely related to the safety and health conditions of the working environment, and its good condition can greatly improve productivity, enhance the cohesion of enterprises and development impetus;

To establish a good quality, reputation and image in the society. Because modern enterprises should not only have economic strength and technical ability, but also maintain a strong social concern and responsibility, environmental protection performance and ensure the safety and health of employees;

The combination of OHSMS with ISO9000 and IS01400O will become the hallmark and fashion of modern enterprises.

How to establish the system

The basic requirements are to establish the organization of the system to have a legal status and comply with relevant national laws and regulations.

When conducting personnel technical training, it should be targeted: for management training, the focus is on occupational health and safety management policies and senior awareness; for special level training, the requirement is to understand basic occupational health and safety handling techniques at their positions; for employee level training, the equirement is to have a certain foundation of occupational health and safety awareness.

Conduct initial review including the review of the organizations existing management system, the determination of various occupational health and safety impacts and compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

Policy Establish the occupational health and safety management system policy, which states the overall goal and commitment for the establishment and maintenance of the occupational health and safety management system.

Planning mainly includes hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control planning, laws and regulations and other requirements, objectives and management plans. When planning, it is required to have organizational management characteristics and reflect corporate culture.

Implementation and Operation Implement risk control activities according to the planning results, implement occupational health and safety management programs and retain evidence of all operations

Inspection and corrective actions include inspection of daily operations, implementation of internal audit and management review, and correction and prevention of nonconformities.